![]() Enclitics, as word-final syllables leaning on the preceding lexical word and “clitic” in both prosodic and syntactic respect, signal the secondary pauses that are the first to be perceived at slower rates of speech. At higher rates of speech, secondary pauses become practically imperceptible. A secondary pause is only a very mild disturbance: the realisation of the secondary pause depends on rates of speech, as well as the identification as non-breathing pause. Just like the primary pause, the secondary pause means phonetic word end in a syllable. The secondary pause is found on the arsis at the end of the phonetic word, or on the right branch of minor phonological phrases that are internally tied together through sandhi, resyllabification, elision, and shortening. To the ear, the primary pause causes a change of direction in rhythm: the rising word end causes metarrhythmisis to anapaests despite the flow of dactyls. The primary pause is found where word end is in a heavy syllable, not just a segment, on the metrical thesis. A primary pause is so disturbing that it can only be localised on a metrical element that allows for additional phrase-final lengthening. A pause disturbs the metrical repetition. These pauses are audible and often do not necessarily correspond with metrical boundaries that demarcate cola, not even the verse end. Starting from the analysis of the possibilities meter offers for phonetic disruption caused by word- and phrase-final lengthening, I have identified primary and secondary pauses. ![]() In chapter 4, I have provided the theoretical basis to lessen the value of metrical cola as an expressive medium. Focusing on the metrical phrase, both the verse and the colon, as a unit of composition and performance, reduces listening to the Homeric epic to an intolerable experience: the listening audience receives staccato-like audible chunks that offer bits and pieces of larger scale semantically coherent wholes. ![]() At the same time, as I have shown, there is syntactical coherence involving several minor phonological phrases the identification of the minor phonological phrase is only one step in the analysis of Homeric larger scale composition. And the Shaker of Earth, bearing his trident in his hands, was himself the leader, and swept forth upon the waves all the foundations of beams and stones, that the Achaeans had laid with toil,Īnd made all smooth along the strong stream of the Hellespont, and again covered the great beach with sand, when he had swept away the wall and the rivers he turned back to flow in the channel, where aforetime they had been wont to pour their fair streams of water.Many verses and clusters of verses in Homer show a level of syntactical coherence over, or beyond, the boundaries of the metrical phrase, sometimes even over the boundaries of several metrical phrases. Rhesus and Heptaporus and Caresus and Rhodius, and Granicus and Aesepus, and goodly Scamander, and Simois, by the banks whereof many shields of bull's-hide and many helms fell in the dust, and the race of men half-divine-of all these did Phoebus Apollo turn the mouths together,Īnd for nine days' space he drave their flood against the wall and Zeus rained ever continually, that the sooner he might whelm the wall in the salt sea. But when all the bravest of the Trojans had died and many of the Argives-some were slain and some were left-Īnd the city of Priam was sacked in the tenth year, and the Argives had gone back in their ships to their dear native land, then verily did Poseidon and Apollo take counsel to sweep away the wall, bringing against it the might of all the rivers that flow forth from the mountains of Ida to the sea. Howbeit against the will of the immortal gods was it builded wherefore for no long time did it abide unbroken.Īs long as Hector yet lived, and Achilles yet cherished his wrath, and the city of king Priam was unsacked, even so long the great wall of the Achaeans likewise abode unbroken. The wall that they had builded as a defence for their ships and had drawn a trench about it-yet they gave not glorious hecatombs to the gods-that it might hold within its bounds their swift ships and abundant spoil, and keep all safe. So then amid the huts the valiant son of Menoetius was tending the wounded Eurypylus, but the others, Argives and Trojans, fought on in throngs, nor were the ditch of the Danaans and their wide wall above long to protect them,
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